Additional reproduction test
I created a completely new Workbench project (separate addon) and world to rule out issues with my original project.
Workbench version: 1.8.0.13
New terrain: 128 × 128
Terrain material: official Dirt_01.emat
Painting the material works correctly.
Clicking Terrain Tool → Manage → Rebuild terrain materials causes an immediate Workbench crash.
The issue is reproducible in a clean project without any custom terrain materials.
This is a separate crash from the previously reported issue when painting terrain materials with an enabled Plant Mat.